Punjab (pronounced
/pənˈdʒɑːb/ (
listen);
Punjabi:
ਪੰਜਾਬ (Gurmukhi) is a
state in the northwest of the
Republic of India, forming part of the larger
Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of
Himachal Pradesh and
Chandigarh to the east,
Haryana to the south and southeast and
Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of
Punjab to the west, it is also bounded to the north by
Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is
Chandigarh, which is administered separately as a
Union Territory because it is also the capital of Haryana. Major cities of Punjab includes
Mohali,
Ludhiana,
Amritsar,
Bathinda,
Barnala,
Patiala and
Jalandhar. After the
partition of India in 1947, the
Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The
Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of
Haryana and
Himachal Pradesh as well as the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.
[3]
Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab; it is the largest single provider of wheat to India. Other major industries include the manufacturing of
scientific instruments,
water meter, electrical goods,
financial services,
machine tools,
textiles,
sewing machines,
sports goods,
starch,
tourism,
fertilizers,
bicycles,
garments, and the processing of
pine oil and
sugar. Punjab also has the largest number of Steel
Rolling Mill Plants in India which are located in Steel Town
Mandi Gobindgarh, District
Fatehgarh Sahib
Geography
Punjab is located in northwestern India, and has an area of 50,362 km
2. It extends from the latitudes 29.30° North to 32.32° North and longitudes 73.55° East to 76.50° East. It is bounded on the west by Pakistan, on the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on the northeast by Himachal Pradesh and on the south by Haryana and Rajasthan.
Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile plain, alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.
[6] A belt of undulating hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Its average elevation is 300 meters above sea level, with a range from 180 meters in the southwest to more than 500 meters around the northeast border. The southwest of the state is semi-arid, eventually merging into the
Thar Desert. The
Siwalik Hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the
Himalayas.
Climate
Punjab's climate is characterized by extreme hot and extreme cold conditions. Annual temperatures in Punjab range from –2 to 40 °C (min/max), but can reach 47 °C (117 °F) in summer and –4 °C in winter. The northeast area lying near the foothills of the Himalayas receives heavy rainfall, whereas the area lying further south and west receives less rainfall and experiences higher temperatures. Average annual rainfall ranges between 960 mm in the sub-mountain region and 460 mm in the plains.
Punjab has three seasons
[6]:
- Summer (April to June), when temperature typically rise as high as 110°F.
- Monsoon season (July to September), when a majority of rainfall occurs.
- Winter (December to February), when temperatures typically fall as low as 40°F.
There is a transitional period between winter and summer in March and early April, as well as a transitional season between monsoon season and winter in October and November.
Government and politics
Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state
Governor, appointed by the
President of India on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly-elected
Chief Minister who is vested with most of the executive powers. The
state legislature is the unicameral
Punjab Legislative Assembly, with 117 members elected from single-seat constituencies. The capital of Punjab is
Chandigarh which also serves as the capital of
Haryana, and is thus administered separately as a
Union Territory of India. The judicial branch of the state government is provided by the
Punjab and Haryana High Court in Chandigarh.
[48] The state of Punjab is divided into four administrative divisions and twenty distric...
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